Ceramic Electrodes for ELF Bioeffects Studies

Whenever metal electrodes are used for chronic exposure of biological material to ELF electric fields in a liquid medium, there is a possibility that observed effects are caused directly by ions from the electrodes rather than by the electric field. The problem can be avoided by using insulated electrodes, but ordinarily this severely limnits the fields which can be obtained in the medium. We show here that by using high dielectric constant ceramic electrodes, current densities greater than 10 A/M2 are achievable at frequencies above 50 Hz.