Photovoltaic waste characterization with environmental considerations

The applicability of current regulatory methods for determining the toxicity of photovoltaic (PV) modules at end-of-life is investigated. The toxicity of PV modules is an indicator of potential environmental impacts associated with their disposal in landfills. Because solar energy is perceived as a green technology, it is important to ensure that harmful end-of-life issues, such as the generation of large amounts of e-waste, will not be detrimental to its long-term success. Procedures are developed for preparing samples for extraction tests, including EPA Method 1311 and California W.E.T. and modifications to them, which are performed on different types of PV modules. Sample preparation procedures and leaching test results will be discussed, including their implications for future testing and development of new regulatory methods. The results from the leaching tests are not meant to be representative of all currently available modules but are useful for examining the appropriateness of the current regulatory methods and for providing insight for development of proper end-of-life procedures for either recycling of valuable material or safe disposal of waste. This enables us to take a positive step towards avoiding the e-waste problem with regard to photovoltaic modules and continue the current trends of high growth rates and continuous cost reduction.