Quartz Thin-Film Multijunction Thermal Converters With Built-In Tee Connector for 100 MHz

Planar multijunction thermal converters (PMJTC) on quartz crystal chips and membranes have been fabricated. Compared to previous single-junction thermal converters, these devices exhibit calculable and smaller ac-dc voltage transfer differences in the frequency range from 1 MHz to 100 MHz along with a 3- to 10-fold reduction in uncertainty. Built-in Tee connectors are used to avoid the contribution of leads and connectors to the ac-dc voltage transfer difference of the PMJTC chip. The contribution of different designs of built-in Tees to the overall uncertainty of the calculable standard has been evaluated. The uncertainty budgets are discussed in detail