Fast electromagnetic modeling of massively coupled vias in 3-D interconnects

Summary form only given. For 25 Gbps (clock frequency exceeding ~10 GHz) on-board signals, where the channel link becomes significantly noisy, active-circuit compensation techniques (e.g., pre-emphasis, adaptive equalization, etc.) are used to flatten the roll-off of the channel´s insertion loss, to increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Due to the fact that these active circuits usually need the response of the channel ahead of time, it is critical to build accurate models for the via interconnects.