Rating of heating elements for electric furnaces: Test data and integration of interference between resistors

A study of the practical considerations involved in assigning kilowatt ratings to radiant heating elements in furnace chambers. Constants for radiation and absorption are given. Consideration is given to shape and spacing of elements with respect to shielding due to adjacent elements. A method of determining the equivalent unshielded element is worked out to provide a basis for comparing dissimilar shapes of heaters.