Alternating-current track circuiting

(1) The distinction between ¿in phase¿ and ¿quadrature¿ relays. (2) The reasons for adopting the non-inductive shunt value in this paper. (3) The vector diagrams of a track circuit without impedance bonds, and the phase displacement obtained with two types of relays. (4) The vector diagrams of a track circuit with nonresonated impedance bonds, and the phase displacement obtained with two types of relays. (5) The vector diagrams of a track circuit with resonated impedance bonds, and the phase displacement obtained with two types of relays. (6) The effect of introducing the relay transformer into the track circuit, and the diagrams referring to this. (7) A method of varying the relay track winding power factor, and the effect on the vector diagram. (8) A method of feeding the track circuit using capacity and inductance in series and varying the power factor of the current supplied to the track. (9) The phase displacement at various points in a track circuit as shown by the phase-meter. (10) The protection of relay transformers against direct-current soaking. (11) The impedance bond, non-resonated and resonated, its characteristics and the effects of direct-current unbalancing with various air-gaps. (12) Effect of direct current superimposed on alternating-current relays.