Security dispatch using the Hopfield neural network

A restructuring of the improved Hopfield neural network (NN) approach, which has previously been proposed for solving power system economic dispatch, is proposed for solving real-time economic dispatch problems with security constraints. A new mapping process is formulated and a computational method for obtaining the weights and biases is described using a slack variable technique for handling inequality constraints. Side constraints are handled by a modified activation function for which a symmetric ramp function is chosen for the input-output function and applied to each element of the variable set. The Hopfield NN approach is tested on the IEEE 30-bus system for different demands