Adaptive watermarking by using pixel position shifting technique

Author

Ng, K.S. ; Cheng, L.M. ; Cheng, L.L. ; Wong, M.K.

Author_Institution

Dept. of Electron. Eng., City Univ. of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

Volume

45

Issue

4

fYear

1999

fDate

11/1/1999 12:00:00 AM

Firstpage

1057

Lastpage

1064

Abstract

We propose a watermarking scheme that is based on pixel position shifting (PPS). The proposed scheme will shift the watermark locations in the frequency domain such that the watermark locations are difficult to obtain by just using the watermarked image. To enhance the reliability of the retrieval of the watermark data, a (8,4) distance-4 Hamming code is used. The new proposed algorithm was thoroughly tested and substantial results are given to prove the robustness of our method. In addition, we compare the results with our previous published method.

Keywords

Hamming codes; adaptive signal processing; discrete cosine transforms; error correction codes; image coding; image retrieval; transform coding; DCT; Hamming code; adaptive watermarking; code distance; frequency domain; pixel position shifting; single bit error correction code; watermark data retrieval; watermark locations; Cryptography; Data security; Decoding; Digital images; Discrete cosine transforms; Internet; Protection; Robustness; Testing; Watermarking;

fLanguage

English

Journal_Title

Consumer Electronics, IEEE Transactions on

Publisher

ieee

ISSN

0098-3063

Type

jour

DOI

10.1109/30.809182

Filename

809182