Title :
Dependence of refractive index on hydrogen concentration in proton exchanged LiNbO3
Author :
Howerton, Marta McWright ; Burns, William K. ; Skeath, Perry R. ; Greenblatt, Arthur S.
Author_Institution :
Sachs Freeman Associates, Landover, MD, USA
fDate :
3/1/1991 12:00:00 AM
Abstract :
The nonlinear relationship between refractive index and hydrogen concentration has been experimentally determined for proton exchanged LiNbO3, incorporating the effects of partial and full annealing. Complete annealing results in low-loss waveguides in the alpha phase with small surface index changes (⩽0.02). The anneal conditions needed to reach the alpha phase can be estimated using the measured temperature dependence of the anneal diffusion coefficient. A model is presented which attributes the index change in the alpha phase to the addition of hydrogen and the loss of lithium, which is consistent with experimental results
Keywords :
annealing; hydrogen; integrated optics; ion exchange; lithium compounds; optical losses; optical waveguides; refractive index; LiNbO3:H+; alpha phase; anneal diffusion coefficient; annealing; hydrogen concentration; low-loss waveguides; nonlinear relationship; proton exchanged LiNbO3; refractive index; small surface index changes; temperature dependence; Annealing; Hydrogen; Phase estimation; Phase measurement; Protons; Refractive index; Surface waves; Temperature dependence; Temperature measurement; Waveguide transitions;
Journal_Title :
Quantum Electronics, IEEE Journal of
