Design of 3D nanomagnetic logic circuits: A full-adder case study

Nanomagnetic logic (NML) is a “beyond-CMOS” technology that combines logic and memory capabilities through field-coupled interactions between nanoscale magnets. NML is intrinsically non-volatile, low-power, and radiation-hard when compared to CMOS equivalents. Moreover, there have been numerous demonstrations of NML circuit functionality within the last decade. These fabricated structures typically employ devices with in-plane magnetization to move and process data. However, in-plane layouts imply circuits and interconnects in only two dimensions (2D), which makes signal routing - and hence circuits - more complex. In this paper, we introduce NML circuits that move and process data in three dimensions (3D). We employ devices with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) (i.e., out-of-plane magnetization states) and discuss their behavior when utilized in 3D designs. Furthermore, we provide a systematic design approach for 3D NML circuits using a threshold full adder as a case study. We compare our 3D adder to 2D adders to highlight the benefits of 3D NML circuits, which include simpler signal routing and a smaller area footprint.