A method for embedding network characterization with application to low-loss measurements

A method of parameter identification for linear passive two-ports is proposed. It uses load, short circuit, and sliding short as primary standards and also open circuit as a redundant magnitude standard. A normalizing transformation is applied to the measurement data in order to simplify and speed up its processing. An error analysis and an optimal choice of sliding-short positions are also presented. High accuracy of the dissipative loss determination has been achieved using statistical methods. Experimental results have demonstrated very high precision of the method and also its usefulness as a calibration method for one-port network analyzers.