A new transformed Smith chart for real-time impedance measurement using the six-port concept

The measurement of impedance at microwave frequencies is generally done using network analyzers that measure reflection coefficient by means of the heterodyne technique. Plotting on a Smith chart allows one to obtain real and imaginary parts of Z. In order to simplify hardware requirements, a new impedance measurement technique has been developed using the six-port concept. Real and imaginary parts of impedance are measured in real time by using a special transformed Smith chart.