A toroidal nondestructive read memory element using bias restoration

The operation of a 1-core-per-bit magnetic nondestructive read (NDR) element using a bias restoration technique is discussed. Nondestructive read time of 100 nsec (nanoseconds) was easily achieved. Peak voltage s/n (signal-to-noise) ratios ranged from 5:1 to 15:1. Writing was done by using simple 2D wiring. The main advantages over other NDR elements are larger s/n ratios with larger signal levels and simple writing and wiring.