A technique for simulating outages of lines and transformers in load flow studies

A technique for simulating outages of lines and transformers is described in this paper. The technique makes use of the fact that the power demands at the buses to which the equipment is connected are met by the power flows in the branches connected to the buses. This concept is used to calculate the power injections to the buses necessary to simulate the outage of the branch. The calculated power injections and the sensitivity matrix are used to obtain the load flow solution. Results from sample systems are also presented.