Electrical characteristics of transmission systems

In making the electrical calculations for a long transmission line, it is desirable to include the effect of the step-up and step-down transformers and to make a direct calculation for the complete system, without any trial and error procedure. A method for doing this is described for constant-voltage lines, since long, high-power lines, especially those of 220,000 volts, usually require to be operated at constant voltage by means of synchronous condensers. The necessity of using the hyperbolic theory in calculating such lines is pointed out.