Analysis of facial expressions during muscle strain using a HMD-based virtual arm wrestling system designed for facial electromyography measurement

In this study, we analyze physiological information of facial electromyography and respiration using a force display system of a virtual arm wrestling system. We found that facial expressions under transient cessation of respiration during muscle strain are characterized by tension of the corrugator supercilii and zygomaticus major muscles. In addition, facial expressions of laughter, anger, and fear, and those during muscle strain can be distinguished based on the active pattern of the corrugator supercilii and zygomaticus major muscles. These findings are useful in the evaluation of emotions based on facial expressions during muscle strain using a head mounted display (HMD)-based virtual reality system.