Modeling TCP Reno performance: a simple model and its empirical validation

The steady-state performance of a bulk transfer TCP flow (i.e., a flow with a large amount of data to send, such as FTP transfers) may be characterized by the send rate, which is the amount of data sent by the sender in unit time. In this paper we develop a simple analytic characterization of the steady-state send rate as a function of loss rate and round trip time (RTT) for a bulk transfer TCP flow. Unlike the models of Lakshman and Madhow (see IEE/ACM Trans. Networking, vol.5, p.336-50, 1997), Mahdavi and Floyd (1997), Mathis, Semke, Mahdavi and Ott (see Comput. Commun. Rev., vol.27, no.3, 1997) and by by Ott et al., our model captures not only the behavior of the fast retransmit mechanism but also the effect of the time-out mechanism. Our measurements suggest that this latter behavior is important from a modeling perspective, as almost all of our TCP traces contained more time-out events than fast retransmit events. Our measurements demonstrate that our model is able to more accurately predict TCP send rate and is accurate over a wider range of loss rates. We also present a simple extension of our model to compute the throughput of a bulk transfer TCP flow, which is defined as the amount of data received by the receiver in unit time