Field observations and model calculations of dielectric properties of Arctic sea ice in the microwave C-band

The complex dielectric constant of first-year and multiyear sea ice was measured during the Seasonal Ice Monitoring and Modeling (SIMMS) field experiments, conducted in the Arctic in the spring of 1992, 1993, and 1995. The dielectric constant was also computed based on an established dielectric mixing model by using different assumptions about inclusion shape. Computations were based on detailed measurements and observations of ice physical properties and crystalline structure. Comparison between measurements and model results was conducted to identify working models for first-year and multiyear ice. For first-year ice, models that employ the assumption of vertically oriented brine pockets are applicable to columnar ice and those with the assumption of randomly oriented brine pockets are applicable to frazil ice. The validity of the models are established only for ice temperatures less than -8°C. For multiyear ice, there is no need to account for air bubble shape. The coexistence of brine and air inclusions in multiyear pond ice makes it characteristically different from hummock ice. Best results for pond ice were obtained from a simple model that accounts only for volume fractions of inclusions, rather than their shape. Physical parameters that can be retrieved directly from the dielectric constant are salinity of first-year ice at temperatures below -15°C and density of multiyear hummock ice. Detailed measurements of permittivity and loss of first-year and multiyear ice are presented along with some insight into interactions between the dielectric constant and physical parameters