Clinical applications of three-dimensional rendering of medical data sets

High-resolution imaging modalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computer tomography (CT), combined with advances in computer technology, have prompted a renewed interest and have led to significant progress in the volumetric reconstruction of medical images. Assessment of such techniques for various clinical applications and medical educational interpretations are currently under investigation by many medical and scientific groups. The purpose of the paper is to highlight various clinical applications that show potential for the utilization of volumetric rendering of medical images. Such applications include (1) diagnostics, (2) preoperative planning, (3) intraoperative navigation, (4) surgical robotics, (5) postoperative validation, (6) training, and (7) telesurgery. First, however, the authors try to identify the sources of the patients´ imaging data, outlining several popular segmentation and volumetric rendering techniques. At the conclusion, they discuss the necessary requirements to deploy a practical three-dimensional (3D) software for clinicians. The paper is intended for those who would like to obtain and general understanding of the clinical 3-D rendering process and its applications. No effort is made at detailing the various volumetric rendering, segmentation, or user interface design techniques, nor is any effort made to review the commercially available software. Although some sample publications are listed to illustrate the various mythologies, no attempt is made at providing a complete coverage of the literature