Title :
A 256 × 8 SPAD line sensor for time resolved fluorescence and raman sensing
Author :
Krstajic, Nikola ; Walker, Richard ; Levitt, James ; Poland, Simon P. ; Li, Di-Jie ; Ameer-Beg, Simon ; Henderson, Robert K.
Author_Institution :
Sch. of Eng., Univ. of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Abstract :
A 256 × 8 single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) time-resolved single photon counting (TCPSC) line sensor enables both fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy in a single device. The 23.78μm pitch, 46.8% fill-factor SPAD array is implemented in a 0.13μm CMOS image sensor process. Integrating time to digital converters (TDCs) implement on-chip mono-exponential fluorescence lifetime pre-calculation allowing timing of 65k photons/pixel at 500s-1 line rate at 40ps resolution using centre-of-mass method (CMM). TCSPC histograms may also be generated with 320ps bin resolution for multi-exponential analysis.
Keywords :
CMOS image sensors; Raman spectra; avalanche diodes; fluorescence spectroscopy; photon counting; time resolved spectra; time-digital conversion; CMM; CMOS image sensor process; Raman sensing; Raman spectroscopy; SPAD line sensor; TCPSC; TDC; centre-of-mass method; fill-factor SPAD array; histogram; monoexponential fluorescence lifetime pre-calculation; multiexponential analysis; single photon avalanche diode; size 0.13 mum; time 320 ps; time 40 ps; time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy; time to digital converter; time-resolved single photon counting; Arrays; Coordinate measuring machines; Detectors; Fluorescence; Image resolution; Photonics;
Conference_Titel :
European Solid State Circuits Conference (ESSCIRC), ESSCIRC 2014 - 40th
Conference_Location :
Venice Lido
Print_ISBN :
978-1-4799-5694-4
DOI :
10.1109/ESSCIRC.2014.6942042
