Putting electronics to work in the 1991 car models

Global innovations in automotive electronics are described, highlighting electronically controlled transmissions, suspensions, and variable-valve timing and lift. Among the developments in transmission systems is Ford´s AXOD-E, engineered for optimum fuel economy and performance with consistent shift quality. General Motors´ version of an electronically controlled four-speed automatic transmission, the 4T60-E, features one-way clutches on all forward speeds for smooth gear changes under all operating conditions These clutches automatically release one gear as the next one is applied. A General Motor´s suspension system called Computer Command Ride uses a computer to automatically vary the damping rates of the suspension struts that control the up-and-down movement of the wheels. The system makes the damping softer or firmer, depending on vehicle speed and other driving conditions. Nissan Motors is offering a fully active suspension that uses an oil pump to produce hydraulic pressure that continuously negates the external forces-bounce (up-down), pitch (front-back), and roll (left-right)-that work to move the vehicle. Adjusting engine design to allow for low-end torque and high-end power is a trade-off that has been eliminated by a variable valve timing and lift electronic control system designed by engineers from American Honda.<>