Fractional rate multitree speech coding

The authors present both forward and backward adaptive speech coders that operate at 9.6, 12, and 16 kb/s using integer and fractional rate trees, weighted squared error distortion measures, the (M, L) tree search algorithm, and incremental path map symbol release. They introduce the concept of multitree source codes and illustrate how the multitree structure allows scalar quantizer-based codes and scalar adaptation rules to be used for fractional rate tree coding. With a frequency weighted distortion measure, the forward and backward adaptive multitree coders produce near toll quality speech at 16 kb/s, while the backward adaptive 9.6 kb/s multitree coder substantially outperforms adaptive predictive coding and has an encoding delay of less than 2 ms. Performance results are present in terms of unweighted and weighted signal-to-noise ratio and segmental signal-to-noise ratio, sound spectrograms, and subjective listening tests