Breakdown features of various microstrip-type gas counter designs and their improvements

Breakdown mechanisms and spurious pulses, the precursors to some breakdowns, were studied experimentally for both uncoated and coated microstrip gas counters (MSGCs) of different geometries, as well as for microgap counters (MGCs) and for the “Compteur A Trou” (CAT). It was found that in all cases the breakdowns occurred through surface streamers, although the exact mechanism of streamer formation depended on the particular detector design. Based on these studies, new designs of microstrip detectors, in which the role of the substrate was minimized, were elaborated and tested. In some of these detectors, especially with large pitches (>2 mm), gains up to 2-3×10⁵ were achieved together with good rate characteristics. The ultimate gain limit in all geometries was still set by spark-inducing streamers which appeared at some critical charge density in the avalanche. To avoid this, and particularly to enhance the performance of small-pitch MSGCs, preamplification structures can be used. Utilizing a parallel plate avalanche chamber as a front end to an MSGC resulted in an overall gain of ~10⁶, limited in this case only by charge saturation