Transverse-mode control of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

Transverse-mode control of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) has been investigated. A theoretical model takes into account the distributions of carriers, optical field, and temperature. Using a method of finding self-consistent solutions for the carrier diffusion, optical field, and thermal conduction equations, we have studied the influence of current spreading, injected current density, gain-guided aperture, and window diameter on the transverse modes. The calculated results agree well with those of experiments and show that the transverse-mode evolution of VCSELs depends on the changes of gain and refractive index induced by carriers and heating; decreasing temperature rise and profile width, current spreading, and gain-guided aperture dimension, increasing homogeneity of the injected carriers at the lasing region, and decreasing window diameter are effective methods to suppress high-order transverse modes.