Impedance of power circuits with return through a complex structure

The derivation of the calculation method is explained. These equations are more detailed than those used previously and are demonstrated by measurement to be accurate to within 2% standard deviation. This shows a higher degree of accuracy than any method previously presented for this purpose. A method of measuring current density in the surface of nonmagnetic material is explained, and is used to examine the equation for the calculation of impedance. A method of separating the influence of the `hot¿ wire and the earth return on the total circuit impedance is explained for the purpose of presenting large amounts of data.