Loss of power supply probability of stand-alone photovoltaic systems: a closed form solution approach

A closed-form solution approach to the evaluation of the loss of power supply probability of stand-alone photovoltaic system with energy storage is presented. Nontracking and single-axis tracking systems are considered. In both cases, the tilt is assumed to be fixed. A numerical example is included to illustrate the usefulness of the expressions developed. Relationships between the amount of energy storage and the loss of power supply probability under various operating conditions can be investigated using the results. These relationships can be used in the design of stand-alone photovoltaic systems