Range extension control system for electric vehicles based on optimal-deceleration trajectory and front-rear driving-braking force distribution considering maximization of energy regeneration

Electric vehicles (EVs) have become a world-widely recognized solution for future green transportation. However, the mileage per charge of EVs is short compared with that of internal combustion engine vehicles. In this paper, a maximization method of regenerative energy is proposed. The method optimizes the velocity trajectory and distribution ratio of front and rear braking force using calculus of variations. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by simulations and experiments.