Development of a Low-Noise Front-End Readout Chip Integrated With a High-Resolution TDC for APD-Based Small-Animal PET

This paper presents the design of a low-noise multi-channel front-end readout chip integrated with a high-resolution TDC. It is foreseen to be used as front-end readout electronics of Avalanche Photo Diodes (APD) dedicated to a small animal Positron Emission Tomography (PET) system. The architecture of the chip is reported. Two prototype chips, a ten-channel front-end chip and a three-channel high-resolution TDC, have been designed in AMS 0.35 μm CMOS technology. A low-noise charge-sensitive amplifier (CSA) and a shaper are integrated in each channel of the front-end chip. The proposed CSA performs a compensation of the 40 nA dark current coming from the detector. An equivalent input noise charge of 275 e^- + 10 e^-/pF (rms) has been obtained from test. The TDC chip is based on coarse-fine two-level conversion scheme. In the coarse conversion, a 10-bit counter is employed to achieve a wide range. Meanwhile, the time interpolation using an array of delay-locked loops is proposed for fine conversion. The measured time range is 10 μs. The bin size has been achieved from 71 ps to 142 ps with a reference clock from 100 MHz to 50 MHz.