Analytical modelling of partial shading and different orientation of photovoltaic modules

Analytical modelling of a photovoltaic (PV) power system for studying the effects of partial shading and different orientation of PV modules is presented. The proposed analytical model, although limited to the case of series PV modules and composed of complicated non-linear implicit functions, allows several important electrical characteristics of a PV system, such as I-V curve, open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, maximum power and reverse voltage, to be investigated and presented in two- and three-dimensional graphs to provide in-depth physical interpretation of the issue.