Impulse behavior of dielectric-covered rod-plane air gaps

The impulse behavior of composite short rod-plane air gaps with a dielectric-covered rod under positive lightning and switching impulse voltages is investigated, by monitoring the electric field strength at the earthed plane, by still photographs of corona discharges and through electric field computations. Experiments were performed in normal laboratory air at pressure around 0.1 MPa, temperatures in the range 19 to 28°C and absolute and relative humidity varied naturally between 11-21 g/m³ and 60-90%, respectively. Breakdown probability distributions were obtained for composite gaps with a dielectric cover made of either PTFE or epoxy resin and for simple air gaps with a bare rod. Also, basic characteristic parameters of coronas preceding breakdown in composite gaps, namely initial corona in the vicinity of the covering tip, surface coronas emerging along the dielectric cover and developing mainly in air, and secondary corona in the vicinity of the cover upper end, were measured. Surface corona development is greatly affected by initial corona growth and facilitates secondary corona inception. Breakdown, occurring at higher voltages for composite gaps, is closely related with the secondary corona inception; a similar dependence upon impulse waveshape and cover material was seen to exist. At breakdown, the spark channel bridges the gap that includes the dielectric cover length. The spark channel develops either along the cover surface or partly or solely in free air, being affected by surface corona development.