Effects of the fault inception angle in fault-induced transients

The analysis of fault-induced transients in three-phase overhead transmission lines can provide extensive information about the fault type, detection, location, direction and sustained time in satisfactory agreement with real application in protective relays. These transients depend on the system topology, load condition and the fault parameters, such as the fault type, resistance, inception angle and location. This study addresses the fault inception angle effects in the energies of the fault-induced transients in both voltages and currents by means of the wavelet coefficient energy analysis at the first three wavelet scales, in which a generic energy equation regarding the fault-induced transients as a function of the fault inception angle in all kinds of faults was established.