Systems and cybernetics: Tools of the discipline are progressing from the inspirational to the practical

Be they living animals, machine systems, or human societies, the internal control and communication functions can be broken down and studied with the tools of systems engineering and cybernetics. This is a diverse field encompassing (a) integration of communication, control, cybernetics, and systems theories; (b) development of systems engineering technology; and (c) practical applications at both the hardware and software levels.