Perceptual Confusions Among Consonants, Revisited—Cross-Spectral Integration of Phonetic-Feature Information and Consonant Recognition

The perceptual basis of consonant recognition was experimentally investigated through a study of how information associated with phonetic features (Voicing, Manner, and Place of Articulation) combines across the acoustic-frequency spectrum. The speech signals, 11 Danish consonants embedded in Consonant + Vowel + Liquid syllables, were partitioned into 3/4-octave bands (“slits”) centered at 750 Hz, 1500 Hz, and 3000 Hz, and presented individually and in two- or three-slit combinations. The amount of information transmitted (IT) was calculated from consonant-confusion matrices for each feature and slit combination. The growth of IT was measured as a function of the number of slits presented and their center frequency for the phonetic features and consonants. The IT associated with Voicing, Manner, and Consonants sums nearly linearly for two-band stimuli irrespective of their center frequency. Adding a third band increases the IT by an amount somewhat less than predicted by linear cross-spectral integration (i.e., a compressive function). In contrast, for Place of Articulation, the IT gained through addition of a second or third slit is far more than predicted by linear, cross-spectral summation. This difference is mirrored in a measure of error-pattern similarity across bands-Symmetric Redundancy. Consonants, as well as Voicing and Manner, share a moderate degree of redundancy between bands. In contrast, the cross-spectral redundancy associated with Place is close to zero, which means the bands are essentially independent in terms of decoding this feature. Because consonant recognition and Place decoding are highly correlated (correlation coefficient r² = 0.99), these results imply that the auditory processes underlying consonant recognition are not strictly linear. This may account for why conventional cross-spectral integration speech models, such as the Articulation Index, Speech Intelligibility Index, and the Speech Transmission Index do- - not predict intelligibility and segment recognition well under certain conditions (e.g., discontiguous frequency bands and audio-visual speech).