Title :
Lead free metallisation paste for crystalline silicon solar cells: from model to results
Author :
Hoornstra, J. ; Schube, Gunnar ; Broek, Kees ; Granek, Filip ; LePrince, Cécile
Author_Institution :
ECN Solar Energy, Petten, Netherlands
Abstract :
This work reports successful development of thick film lead free metallisation paste for contacting crystalline silicon solar cells. Models have been set-up to understand and describe the process of contact formation and current transport of front side metallisation pastes to silicon. New experimental test procedures have been developed to assess the models and minimize the number of experimental tests. The goal is to find in an intelligent way a replacement for the lead in the glass frit. Using the outcome of this new contact model silver pastes with lead free glass frits have been formulated and tested using the new approaches. Cells were produced of Cz mono crystalline silicon material, with a 45 Ohm/square emitter and SiNx antireflection coating. Using the best lead free silver front side pastes an efficiency of 16.6% was reached. This is equal to results from leaded reference pastes, and the best result published so far.
Keywords :
antireflection coatings; elemental semiconductors; semiconductor device metallisation; semiconductor device models; silicon; silver; solar cells; Si-Ag; SiNx; antireflection coating; contact formation; crystalline silicon solar cells; current transport; glass frit; lead free silver front side pastes; monocrystalline silicon material; thick film lead free metallisation paste; Crystallization; Environmentally friendly manufacturing techniques; Glass; MONOS devices; Metallization; Photovoltaic cells; Silicon; Silver; Testing; Thick films;
Conference_Titel :
Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2005. Conference Record of the Thirty-first IEEE
Print_ISBN :
0-7803-8707-4
DOI :
10.1109/PVSC.2005.1488377