Unconstrained and noninvasive measurement of heartbeat by a pneumatic method for drivers

In order to avoid traffic accidents, recent studies have examined how to quantitatively evaluate a driver´s decline of wakefulness or depth of fatigue. However, in most of these studies, heartbeat measurement, polygraphs, and eye-movement measurement were adopted as ways to gather bio-medical data. Under these measurement conditions, the drivers had to be in a restrained state. In this paper, a new unconstrained, non-invasive system to obtain heart rate was proposed.