State of the art in ultra stable oscillators for accurate/precise on board and ground applications

For precise applications such as accurate orbitography, fine positioning navigation or localization, time keeping systems, ultra stable oscillator performance has to be constantly improved, for both on-board equipment and ground base stations. This paper summarizes the most important improvements obtained by C-MAC, as a result of all optimization actions conducted over the last year: comparison between previous configuration of the USO and the optimized one (design, process, structure, material and components selection, etc...); presentation of the main performance relating to frequency stability. This gives an overview of what could be considered as the state of the art in ultra-stable oscillators, based on industrial processes