A review of lithium-ion battery properties of plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles in light of seminal assumptions on the viability of V2G

In 2005 Kempton and Tomic laid out a vision for V2G which presumed that use of V2G technology could provide a high revenue stream to early plug-in electric vehicles, enabling market penetration of relatively high cost, early-to-market electric drive vehicles. The descriptions of performance requirements of plug-in hybrids (PHEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs) in support of grid services, as stated by Kempton and Tomic in 2005 are reviewed in light of what is presently known about lithium-ion battery technology. Stated differences in the timing and frequency of demand for power and/or storage in support of (1) peak power, (2) spinning reserves, and/or (3) regulation are reviewed in light of the U.S. Department of Energy goals for battery performance and the known properties of different lithium-ion battery chemistries. Lithium-ion batteries are discussed. Properties of different chemistries are noted.