Empirical models applicable to land mobile satellite system propagation channel modelling

A number of propagation studies for land mobile satellite systems have taken place in the past decade. From these propagation measurements various narrowband channel models have been proposed in order to characterise the channel. However most of these studies have been confined to elevation angles below 60°. Using additional data and combining the empirical roadside shadowing model, a new combined empirical fading model has been developed for L and S bands covering elevation angles from 20° to 80°, for fade exceedance levels from 1% to 20%. Some of these models are discussed and presented along with comparisons of the various empirical models proposed to date