Notice of RetractionEnergy consumption, gross domestic product and carbon dioxide emissions: Panel data evidence from nine countries

Notice of Retraction

After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE´s Publication Principles.

We hereby retract the content of this paper. Reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper.

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This study examines the determinants of carbon dioxide emissions within a multivariate panel framework over period 1971–2007 for nine countries, including China, United States, India, Japan, Germany, Canada, United Kingdom, Korea and Iran. We find that in the long run, the primary energy consumption, the GDP and the carbon dioxide emissions are panel non-stationary in their level form and the variables on their level are integrated of order one, I(1). On the basis of parametric estimation, we find that the average elasticity coefficient of the nine countries that CO2 emissions on primary energy consumption are 0.925 and the elasticity coefficient that CO2 emissions on GDP are 0.07. The nine countries are grouped according to the random effect coefficient sign: China, Iran, Germany, Korea, United States and United Kingdom are considered as one group and the rest three countries belong to another group.