Closed form surface ray tracing on ogival surfaces

A novel method based on the geodesic constant has been developed for surface ray tracing on an ogive. The surface ray geometric parameters required in the high-frequency EM (electromagnetic) calculations are obtained in explicit analytical form. The ogive is treated as a coordinate surface of the bispherical coordinate system which is a geodesic coordinate system. All the ray geometric parameters are obtained in one-parameter form in terms of the first geodesic constant h. These ray parameters can be used in antenna radiation pattern, mutual coupling, and radar cross section calculations.<>