TOC: Localizing wireless rechargeable sensors with time of charge

Wireless rechargeable sensor network is a promising platform for long-term applications such as inventory management, supply chain monitoring and so on. For these applications, sensor localization is one of the most fundamental challenges. Different from traditional sensor node, wireless rechargeable sensor has to be charged above a voltage level by the wireless charger in order to support its sensing, computation and communication operations. In this work, we consider the scenario where a mobile charger stops at different positions to charge sensors, and propose a novel localization design that utilizes the unique Time of Charge (TOC) sequences among wireless rechargeable sensors. Specifically, we introduce two efficient region dividing methods, Inter-node Division and Inter-area Division, to exploit TOC differences from both temporal and spatial dimensions to localize individual sensor nodes. To further optimize the system performance, we introduce both an optimal charger stop planning algorithm for single sensor case and a suboptimal charger stop planning algorithm for the generic multisensor scenario with a provable performance bound. We have extensively evaluated our design by both testbed experiments and large-scale simulations. The experiment and simulation results show that by as less as 5 stops, our design can achieve sub-meter accuracy and the performance is robust under various system conditions.