Nonaqueous thin film batteries and `supercapacitors´ employing Li/LiMOx redox couples

The technological requirements for burst power, high-energy-density memory backup, and a revitalized domestic electric vehicle program have suggested the use of thin-film, high-voltage transition metal oxide cathodes coupled with a Li foil anode in a bipolar configuration. Consequently, the authors investigated the electrochemical behavior of LiMn₂O₄, LiNiO₂ , and LiCoO₂ prepared by chemical vapor deposition and sol-gel techniques. They consider the synthesis, characterization, and costs associated with the preparation of thin-film cathode materials. Particular attention has been focused on morphology, double-layer capacitors, and solid-state Li⁺ ion diffusivity as these materials are pulse discharged