Thermal and mechanical loading of particle and RF transmission windows exposed to atmospheric pressure

Summary form only given. The mechanical design of a transmission window that seals a port between a low-pressure side and an atmospheric-pressure side for the purpose of passing a high-energy particle beam or radio-frequency waves has many forms. Thermal loading due to energy loss from the beam or the waves and mechanical loading due to the pressure differential across the window constrain the window design. Techniques to dissipate heat such as radiation, conduction, natural convection, evaporation, and forced convection are discussed in general. Specific details of forced convective cooling with fluids within the transmission window are also discussed.