Minimization of delay sensitivity to process induced voltage threshold variations

Threshold voltage variations, resulting from underlying process variations, cause variations in circuit delay that can affect the chip timing yield. We study design techniques and optimization strategies that minimize the effects of threshold voltage variations on circuit delay variability. Specifically, we compare different static circuits (classic CMOS, ratioed logic, and transmission gate logic) and dynamic circuits and evaluate their limitations and benefits in terms of delay variability, performance penalty and area overhead. Based on our findings, we also introduce circuit design guidelines and techniques that help mitigate the effects of threshold voltage variations. By reducing delay variability on a per-gate basis, we show how one can build threshold voltage variations-aware gate libraries for use in deep submicron design.