Multi-temporal Synthetic Aperture Radar Metrics Applied to Map Open Water Bodies

Multi-temporal synthetic aperture radar (SAR) metrics are assessed to map open water bodies. High temporal variability and low minimum value in a time series of Envisat Advanced SAR (ASAR) Wide Swath Mode (WSM) backscatter measurements characterize open water bodies with respect to other land cover types. Confusion occurs in the case of steep terrain (slope angle > 10°), less than 10 backscatter observations and for mixed pixels with a water fraction. The behavior of the two SAR multi-temporal metrics is consistent at six study areas in Europe and Central Siberia. A simple thresholding algorithm applied to the multi-temporal SAR metrics to map open water bodies performs with overall accuracies above 90% in the case of pure pixels of water or land. The accuracy decreases when mixed pixels are accounted for in the reference dataset and for increasing land fraction in the reference samples. An overall accuracy of approximately 80% was obtained for a 50% threshold of the water fraction. Omissions of water areas occur mostly along shorelines. Specific conditions of the land surface can distort the minimum, causing commission in the water class. The use of a low order rank or percentile instead of the lowest backscatter value can reduce such commission error.