Nanodielectrics - the first decade and beyond

This contribution chronicles the development of nanodielectrics with particular reference, with examples, to the enhancement of useful properties which can be brought about by the inclusion of nanoparticulates and by surface functionalization. Emphasis is given to the importance of proper processing and critical quantification of these 21^st century materials. The impact of the establishment of internal pathways on the aqueous behaviour is also reviewed, and tests are outlined which permit a mechanistic understanding. By considering the part played by the inherent interface structure in a polymer nanocomposite, the paper explores the possibilities for enhancing multifunctionality. In particular, the means to alter the interface in order to impart particular properties is examined and tested using specific examples. In this way it is shown that it is quite possible to tailor materials for particular applications using this technology. It is suggested that, looking forward, these methods may provide the basis for a new generation of “smart materials” in which a functionalized nanophase inclusion may be used to bring about adaptability in an electrically stressed polymer.