An optimization framework for home demand side management incorporating electric vehicles

With the advent of smart grids it is becoming possible to reduce the peak-to-average ratio (PAR) in electrical demand by transitioning household appliances to off-peak hours. As electric vehicles (EV) become more numerous it will be increasingly important to shift the power consumption of EV from peak times since EV have the potential to consume as much as an average home and so increase the PAR considerably. However, integrated correctly into the electrical grid, EV represent a huge opportunity, as they can assume the role of a dispatchable energy resource that helps meet load demand from homes during peak times. A mathematical optimization based model consisting of household appliances and a sizable number of EV vehicles connected to the grid is developed. A mixed integer linear programming (MILP) based optimization technique is proposed to minimize the peak hourly load by scheduling the optimal power and operation time. The model ensures battery charging losses and degradation are minimized. It is shown that ILP is an extremely robust consumption scheduling method as the overall power load is balanced for various penetration levels.