Title :
Vacuum phototriodes for the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter endcap
Author :
Bell, K.W. ; Brown, R.M. ; Cockerill, D.J.A. ; Flower, P S ; Hobson, P.R. ; Kennedy, B.W. ; Lintern, A L ; Selby, C.W. ; Sharif, O. ; Sproston, M. ; Williams, J.H.
Author_Institution :
CCLRC Rutherford Appleton Lab., Didcot, UK
Abstract :
The measurement of scintillation light from the lead tungstate crystals of the CMS ECAL poses a substantial technical challenge, particularly in the endcap regions, where the radiation levels are highest. The photodetectors must be fast, sensitive, radiation-hard, and operate with significant internal gain in a magnetic field of 4 Tesla. In what follows, the measured performance characteristics of the first half of series production vacuum phototriodes (VPTs), specially developed to satisfy the needs of CMS, will be described. The mean measured VPT gain is 10.2 at 0 T and 9.7 at 4 T.
Keywords :
calorimeters; nuclear electronics; particle calorimetry; photomultipliers; solid scintillation detectors; triodes; 4 T; CMS electromagnetic calorimeter endcap; avalanche photodiodes; performance characteristics; photomultiplier; radiation-hard; scintillation light; vacuum phototriodes; Collision mitigation; Electromagnetic measurements; Laboratories; Large Hadron Collider; Magnetic field measurement; Magnetic fields; Particle measurements; Photodetectors; Photonic crystals; Radiation detectors;
Conference_Titel :
Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, 2004. IMTC 04. Proceedings of the 21st IEEE
Print_ISBN :
0-7803-8248-X
DOI :
10.1109/IMTC.2004.1351447
