Title :
Vacuum phototriodes for the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter endcap
Author :
Bell, K.W. ; Brown, R.M. ; Cockerill, D.J.A. ; Flower, P S ; Hobson, P.R. ; Kennedy, B.W. ; Lintern, A L ; Selby, C.S. ; Sharif, O. ; Sproston, M. ; Williams, J.H.
Author_Institution :
CCLRC Rutherford Appleton Lab., Didcot, UK
Abstract :
The measurement of scintillation light from the lead tungstate crystals of the CMS ECAL poses a substantial technical challenge, particularly in the endcap regions, where the radiation levels are highest. The photodetectors must be fast, sensitive, radiation-hard, and operate with significant internal gain in a magnetic field of 4 Tesla. The measured performance characteristics of the first batches of series production vacuum phototriodes (VPT), developed to satisfy the needs of CMS, will be described.
Keywords :
lead compounds; nuclear electronics; particle calorimetry; phototubes; scintillation counters; triodes; CMS electromagnetic calorimeter endcap; PbWO4; endcap regions; internal gain; radiation-hard; scintillation light; sensitive; series production vacuum phototriodes; vacuum phototriodes; Anodes; Collision mitigation; Detectors; Electromagnetic measurements; Large Hadron Collider; Magnetic field measurement; Magnetic fields; Photodetectors; Photonic crystals; Production;
Conference_Titel :
Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, 2003 IEEE
Print_ISBN :
0-7803-8257-9
DOI :
10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1351861
