Indium tin oxide surface topography on monolayer formation and stability

Here we report the effect of Indium tin oxide (ITO) surface structure on the formation of self assembled monolayers (SAM) derived from phosphonohexadecanoic acid with regard to coverage and stability by comparing 2 different ITO surfaces. To ascertain the extent of defects and stability, the electropolymerisation of diaminobenzene onto the monolayer modified ITO surfaces at defect sites and regions where phosphonohexadecanoic acid was poorly bonded. These surfaces were investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM), electrochemistry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).